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Prostate Cancer

Prostate Cancer

What's Prostate Cancer?
Prostate cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the prostate gland.

Types of Prostate Cancer

There are several types of prostate cancer:

  • Adenocarcinoma: More than 95% of prostate cancers.
    • Acinar adenocarcinoma: Starts in acini cells, increases PSA levels.
    • Ductal adenocarcinoma: Starts in prostate ducts, spreads faster, harder to detect.
  • Small Cell Carcinoma: Aggressive neuroendocrine cancer; does not affect PSA levels.
  • Transitional Cell Carcinoma: Often starts in urethra or bladder, spreads to prostate.
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Rare and aggressive; starts in flat cells covering prostate.

Prostate Cancer Stages

  • Stage I: Tumor not felt, low PSA, slow growth.
  • Stage II: Tumor confined to prostate, low-medium PSA, higher risk of spread.
  • Stage III: Tumor grows, high PSA, reaches nearby tissues.
  • Stage IV: Cancer has spread to lungs, bones, or other organs.

Causes & Risk Factors

Though exact causes are unknown, risk factors include:

  • Age (risk increases with age)
  • Ethnicity (Black men at higher risk)
  • Family history
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Prostate inflammation

Symptoms of Prostate Cancer

  • Frequent urination (especially at night)
  • Blood in urine or semen
  • Pain during urination
  • Weak or interrupted stream
  • Difficulty starting urination
  • Erectile dysfunction
  • Pelvic discomfort or pain while sitting

Diagnosis

  • PSA Test: Measures prostate-specific antigen in blood.
  • Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): Doctor feels prostate through rectum.
  • Prostate Biopsy: Needle sampling of prostate tissue.
  • Transrectal Ultrasound: Imaging via rectal probe.

Treatment Options

  • Active Surveillance: Monitor tumor growth with regular PSA tests, DREs, and biopsies.
  • Radical Prostatectomy: Surgical removal of the prostate (RALP, Open, or Laparoscopic).
  • Radiation Therapy:
    • • Brachytherapy (Internal)
    • • External Beam Radiation Therapy (Photon or Proton)
  • Chemotherapy: For advanced or recurrent cancer.
  • Immunotherapy: Boosts immune response to fight cancer.
  • Hormonal Therapy: Suppresses testosterone:
    • • LH-RH Agonists: Leuprolide, Goserelin
    • • Anti-Androgens: Bicalutamide, Nilutamide
    • • Orchiectomy: Surgical removal of testicles

Cancer Treatment

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